SocSci Handouts

Overview

• Foreign Threats and Causes
  -Portugese
  -Dutch
  -Chinese
  -British
  
  
• Early Filipino Uprisings
  -Causes of Revolt
  -Key Players
  -Results

Foreign Threats and Causes

1. Portugese Invasion
   
   • General Gonzalo de Preyra
     -Governor of Moluccas who led two attacks against the country in 1568 and 1570
     
   • Cause: the Treaty of Tordesillas
   
   
   
2. Dutch Invasion
   
   • Oliver Van Noort
     - Attacked Manila from Nov. 8, 1600 to Dec. 14, 1600 with Spanish leadership of Antonio de Morga
     
   • Francisco de Wittert
     - Attacked country from Oct. 1609-April 10, 1620
     - Bombarded Iloilo
     - defeated in Manila by Juan de Silva
     
   • Causes: trade expansion; religion; Spanish feud
   
   
   
3. Chinese Invasion
   
   • Limahong
     - Pirate who attacked Manila twice in 1573
     - Killed Martin de Goiti during battle Manila
     
   • Juan Bautista de Vera
     -Headed attack of Tondo and Quiapo in 1603
     -Crushed Luiz Perez Dasmarinas in battle
     -Defeated in San Pablo, Laguna
     *Parian (1581)
     
   • Cause: threat of uprising
   
   
   
4. British Invasion
   
   • William Draper
     -Led the invasion of Manila and defeated Manuel Antonio Rojo in 1762
     -Ruled Philippines from 1762-1763. It ended through the Treaty of Paris in 1763
     
   • Cause: Alliance with France

Early Filipino Uprisings
Causes of revolt

1. People's reactions to brutish cruelty associated with tribute collections and forced labor
   
2. Native's reaction to the imposition of Christianity
   
   • 2 kinds of Christianity: Catholicism and Folk Catholicism
   
   
3. Involvement of the people in Spanish wars and Spain's imperialistic goals
   
4. Land issues

• Communal vs. private; land grabbing
  
• Center of uprising: Tagalog region
  
• 20 cow ranches in the provinces of Bulacan and Batangas were owned by Jesuits, Dominicans, Augustines, and Recollects

Key Players

1. Magat Salamat (Tondo, 1587)
   
   • Chosen leader to seek help from Sultan of Borneo to fight Spaniards
     
   • Cause of revolt: resentment against the conquest
     
   • Result: mission was aborted when arrested after betrayal of a native Christian
   
   
2. Magalat (Cagayan, 1589)
   
   • Native chief of Cagayan province
     
   • Cause of revolt: resentment against conquest
     
   • Result: uprisings were quelled after Magalat was killed; other revolts followed: Furaganan, Gaddangs, Mandayas
   
   
3. Bancao (Leyte, 1622)
   
   • Chief of Limasawa in 1622
     
   • Baptized to Catholic faith
     
   • Led the revolt at age 76
     
   • Cause of revolt: resentment against the conquest
     
   • quelled by Captain Alcarazo of Cebu and other native Cebuanos
   
   
4. Tamblot (Bohol, 1622)
   
   • Native priest of Looc and 3 other villages
     
   • Cause of revolt: oppresion of the Castillians
     
   • Result: quelled by Cebu's alcalde mayor aided by 300 auxiliaries
   
   
5. Juan Sumuroy (Samar, 1679-1680)
   
   • Native of Palapag and son of a babaylan
     
   • Worked as a sea pilot and the castellan of the presidio
     
   • Allied with Juan Ponce and Pedro Camug
     
   • Cause of uprising: imposition of compulsory labor
     
   • Result: defeated by surprise and beheaded by his followers
   
   
6. Francisco Maniago (Pampanga, 1660)
   
   • Uprising lasted only 2 months
     
   • Cause of uprising: imposition of impulsory labor
     
   • Result: rebellion defused but inspired Pangasinan revolt
   
   
7. Andres Malong (Pangasinan, 1660-1661)
   
   • A Binalatongnan chieftain and leader of the revolt
     
   • The master-of-camp of the province and trusted aide of the alcalde mayor
     
   • King of Pangasinan
     
   • Cause of uprising: imoosition of compulsory labor
     
   • Result: Lack of communication and betrayal of loyalist troops that led to defeat and execution by gunfire
   
   
8. Juan dela Cruz Palaris (Pangasinan, 1762-1765)
   
   • Native coachman of Binatalongan, Pangasinan
     
   • Nothing is known about him except that he was a timawa
     
   • Nickname: Palapar
     
   • Binatalongan revolt was a revolt solely of and by the common people in both leadership and following
     
   • Cause of uprising: the cruelty in tribute collection
     
   • Result: defeated, betrayed, and hanged
   
   
9. Diego Silang (Ilocos 1762-1763)
   
   • Born in Caba, la Union but grew up in VIgan and worked as a courier of the Vigan curate
     
   • Made alliance with the British
     
   • Betrayed by his close assistants, Miguel Vicos and Pedro Becbec
     
   • Cause of uprising: cruelty in tribute collection
     
   • Result: assasinated
   
   
10. Gabriela Silang
    
    • Wife of Diego Silang who continued the fight of her husband through the leadership of her uncle, Nicolas Carino
      
    • Result: defeated and beheaded
    
    
11. Apolinario dela Cruz/Hermano Pule (Tayabas 1840)
    
    • Established Confradia de San Jose which has the following beliefs: members will be safe from any harm if they wear their amulets, and the lord will help them in times of trials
      
    • Cause of uprising: religious beliefs
      
    • Result: suppresed by force and Pule was captured and shot
    
    
12. Francisco Dagohoy (Bohol, 1774-1829)
    
    • Real name was Francisco Sendrijas
      
    • A native of Inabaga and a cabeza de barangay
      
    • Longest Filipino insurrection
      
    • Cause of uprising: refusal of Jesuit priest to give his brother (Sagarino) a Christian burial
      
    • Result: rebellion ceased through Capt. Sanz.

Nationalism

1. What is Nationalism?
   
   • loyalty and devotion to nation
     
   • exaltation of the nation above all others
     
   • promotion of nation's culture and interests
   
   
2. Promotion of Nationalism
   
   • Protect Natural Heritage
     
   • Protect National Heritage
     
   • Preserve Cultural heritage
     
   • Write local history
     
   • Attend commemoration of heroes
     
   • Promotion of Nationalism
     
   • Patronize local crafts, food, products, festivals, dances, instruments
     
   • Go to history museums
     
   • Respect national flag
     
   • Honor Heroes
   
   
3. Kinds of Nationalism
   
   • According to R. Constantino
     Passive: latent
     Active: in action
     
   • Kinds of Nationalism according to T. Agoncillo
     - Offensive
     -Defensive
     -Chauvinism
     -Imperialism
   
   
4. Evolution of Philippine Nationalism According to Agoncillo:
   a.) The Awakening (1850-1872)
   b.) Reform Movement (1872-1896)
   c.) Revolutionary Period (1896-1901)
   d.) Suppresed Nationalism (1901-1921)
   e.) Filipinization (1921-1935)
   f.) Commonwealth Period (1935-1941)
   g.) Evolution of Philippine Nationalism
   h.) Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
   i.) Passive Nationalism (1945-1950)
   j.)Reawakening (1950-present)
   
5. The Development and Growth of Nationalism
   
   • External Factors
     1.) Economic and Political Ideas
     - Machiavellianism
     -Mercantilism
     - Laissez-Faire
     2.) Opening of Canal Suez on November 17, 1869
     3.) Spread of Liberalism
     - American and French Revolution
     - Philosophies of:
     a.) John Locke (Two Treaties of the Government)
     b.) Jean Jacques Rousseau (Emile)
     c.) Francois Marie Arouet (Candide)
     d.) Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan)
     4.) Spanish civil war in 1868
     
     
   • Internal Factors
   
   1.) Opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1834
   2.) The rise of illustrados
   3.) Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871) vs. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
   4.) Secularization of Clergy
   
   • Issue between regular priests and secular priests
     
   • 181 out of 792 parishes were under the secular priests (1870); 150 out of 967 parishes were under the secular priests (1898)
     
   • Issues on visitation
     
   • Internal Factors
     
   • Basilio de Santa Justa
     
   • Fr. Pedro Pelaez
     
   • Archbishop Meliton Martinez
   
   
   5.) Cavite Mutiny
   
   • Uprising of arsenal workers (soldiers) at Fort San Felipe, Cavite headed by Sgt. La Madrid on Jan. 20, 1872
     
   • Cause: removal of entitlement/benefits of arsenal workers such as exemption from polo and tribute
     
   • Result: Terror of 1872
     
     6.) Death of GOMBURZA
     
   • Leaders of the secularization movement
     
   • Falsely accused of being part of the Cavite mutiny
     
   • Executed publicly on Feb. 17, 1872 together with Zaldua through strangulation by the garrote
     
   • Result: Awakening of Filipino nationalism